Free Essays on My Fashion

In the course of my life I have worn various sorts of styles advertisement well as took part in a couple of new design patterns. Three styles I partook in were â€Å"dress codes†, â€Å"vintage/preppy†, and â€Å"designer clothing.† Some of the purposes behind changing the manner in which you dress have to do with your condition, environmental factors, and the individuals whom which you partner with. At the point when I was in 6th grade, I moved to a tuition based school. Our clothing standard comprised of a blue polo shirt and khaki jeans or a white polo shirt and blue jeans. We wore this garments since it was what was anticipated from us. I didn’t like the style and thought it was somewhat exhausting, however I did it in light of the fact that my folks made me. I attempted to discover approaches to make this clothing standard somewhat increasingly extraordinary. I would wear a blue belt with my khaki jeans and expectation that possibly I would hang out in a school of 300 or so kids. Wearing something very similar in school wiped out the opposition. The school didn’t need the children to contend over who was wearing the more pleasant alfit so they made it the equivalent. Now in my life I wasn’t yet a person. I took the path of least resistance and did whatever it takes not to be totally not the same as the various children. I didn’t have the certainty and security yet to do as such. When you’re a child you need to be life every other person since you don’t need individuals to ridicule y! ou, regardless of whether you feel various children can be exceptionally mean. It’s difficult to have important self-investigation when you are youthful in light of the fact that you are simply attempting to fit in and that it sufficiently hard. At the point when you get a little more seasoned and more secure than you can start the excursion of self-disclosure and make it appear, in methods of garments and hairdo, and so on. In a manner I was consistently somewhat unique in relation to the entirety of my companions. I realized that I would need to figure out how to stand out, yet I didn’t fundamentally need it to be through garments (in any event not yet). Tuition based school was in a manner attempting to make everybody look exa... Free Essays on My Fashion Free Essays on My Fashion In the course of my life I have worn a wide range of sorts of styles advertisement well as took an interest in a couple of new design patterns. Three styles I partook in were â€Å"dress codes†, â€Å"vintage/preppy†, and â€Å"designer clothing.† Some of the purposes behind changing the manner in which you dress have to do with your condition, environmental factors, and the individuals whom which you partner with. At the point when I was in 6th grade, I moved to a tuition based school. Our clothing regulation comprised of a blue polo shirt and khaki jeans or a white polo shirt and blue jeans. We wore this garments since it was what was anticipated from us. I didn’t like the style and thought it was fairly exhausting, yet I did it in light of the fact that my folks made me. I attempted to discover approaches to make this clothing standard somewhat progressively one of a kind. I would wear a blue belt with my khaki jeans and expectation that possibly I would hang out in a school of 300 or so kids. Wearing something very similar in school wiped out the opposition. The school didn’t need the children to contend over who was wearing the more pleasant alfit so they made it the equivalent. Now in my life I wasn’t yet a person. I accepted circumstances for what they are and made an effort not to be totally unique in relation to the various children. I didn’t have the certai nty and security yet to do as such. When you’re a child you need to be life every other person since you don’t need individuals to ridicule y! ou, regardless of whether you feel various children can be exceptionally mean. It’s difficult to have significant self-investigation when you are youthful on the grounds that you are simply attempting to fit in and that it sufficiently hard. At the point when you get a little more seasoned and more secure than you can start the excursion of self-revelation and make it appear, in methods of garments and hairdo, and so on. In a manner I was consistently somewhat not the same as the entirety of my companions. I realized that I would need to figure out how to stand out, yet I didn’t essentially need it to be through attire (in any event not yet). Non-public school was in a manner attempting to make everybody look exa...

Proposal for Annotated Bibliography on Business Ethics

Title: Annotated Bibliography for Proposed Project on Business Ethics Proposal There are various assessments in todays world about the need and significance of actualizing a business morals vow for all who wish to work in the corporate world. Society would significantly profit by the execution of a business morals vow being depended on everybody who moves on from business college. Corporate avarice would begin to diminish and there would be a lot progressively good and moral pioneers in todays corporations.A business morals vow would help start corporate culture inside todays driving organizations which can help keep a partnership moral as well as help them to succeed monetarily and with their manageability. Explained Bibliography Gini, Al. â€Å"Business, Ethics, And Leadership In A Post Enron Era. † Journal Of Leadership and Organizational Studies (Baker College) 11. 1 (2004): 9-15. Business Source Complete. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. In this article, Al Gini portrays how the morals f initiative influence the morals of the working environment and assists with shaping the moral decisions and choices of the laborers in the workplace.Gini proceeds to clarify that the focal issue of morals in business today Schweiger 2 is the nonappearance of positive good authority and the dismissed advancement of an ethical culture inside the partnership. He credits these issues for the ascent in corporate insatiability and deceptive conduct that happens in todays society and economy. Gini depicts how in todays world the accessibility and chance to communicate corporate insatiability has become broadly because of the absence of good authority and a moral corporate culture. Wayne, Leslie. â€Å"A Promise to be Ethical in an Era of Immortality. The New York Times (2009). In this article, Leslie Wayne presents that todays ages altogether different from yesterdays. Today understudies are progressively worried about how partnerships influence the network, the lives of its laborers, and the earth. They are as yet worried about creation cash simply like some other representatives, yet not to the detriment of others and not deceptively. Wayne tells in this article how a few schools have just made a business morals vow compulsory for all understudies, and how a few understudies at different schools are taking the vow by choice.Wayne furnishes great contentions and supports them with proof for why business morals promises ought to be constitutionalized and taken by all entering the corporate world. Sims, Brinkham, Johannes. â€Å"Enron Enthics: Culture Matters more than Codes. † Journal of Business Ethics, Jul 2003. Vol. 45, Iss. 3; Pg 243. In this article, by Ronald R. Sims, Brinkmann, and Johannes, the topical issue is the Enron Scandal that happens in 2001. The creators give various perspectives of the outrage and point out that according to the official directors of Enron, their activities where totally moral and legal.In certainty, before 2001, Enron wa s really applauded for being a magnificent corporate resident and for acquiring an elevated expectation of business morals. Sims, Brinkmann, and Johannes propose that a few companies look moral to people in general however in actuality submit numerous infringement of what is today called regular business morals. Heller, Nathan A. , and Victor L. Heller. â€Å"Business Ethics Education: Are Business Schools Teaching To The AACSB Ethics Education Task Force Recommendations?. Worldwide Journal Of Business and Social Science 2. 20 (2011): 30-38. Business Source Complete. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. In this article, Nathan A. Heller, and Victor L. Heller recognize their common perspectives on the disappointment of business colleges to furnish graduates with the moral abilities they should be a capable and instructed pioneer. Heller and Heller characterize business morals as how people, at all degrees of the association, settle on choices and live their lives as indicated by a standard of good an d bad behavior.They watch the way that business colleges invest wholeheartedly and advertise accomplishment of their alumni, yet neglect to assume liability, for their moral disappointments. Heller and Heller accept that business colleges have urged their understudies to concentrate a lot on investigative abilities so as to boost benefits no matter what without thought of the moral ramifications of their activities. Carroll, Archie B. â€Å"Reflections On The Business Ethics Field And Business Ethics Quarterly. † Business Ethics Quarterly 20. 4 (2010): 715-717. Business Source Complete. Web. 18 Oct. 012. In this article, Norman Bowie, previous leader of the Society for Business Ethics (SBE), creates explanations behind the reoccurring absence of business morals in todays society. Bowie credits for the most part the way that when business is blasting, that business morals appear to disintegrate and specialists don’t appear to mind mistreating others. He additionally dis tinguishes that absence of business morals, especially inside the top level administrators, to be the significant defeat of the most recent decade bringing about occasions like the Enron Era and the Wall Street Financial Scandal of 2008.This is and intriguing article which recognizes the difficult zones and absence of business morals and can be enormously developed. Brenkert, George G. â€Å"The Limits And Prospects Of Business Ethics. † Business Ethics Quarterly 20. 4 (2010): 703-709. Business Source Complete. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. In this article, George G. Brenkert communicates his convictions that schools of business must assume an increasingly dynamic job in guiding the considering future supervisors to progressively moral business behavior.He proceeds to state that as opposed to concentrating on benefit expansion, organizations should concentrate on making significant work for representatives. Brenkert recognizes the way that numerous organizations despite everything have not acknowledged good duty regarding the Wall Street emergency of 2008, promotion some even go with respect to accuse the central bank and the legislature as opposed to glancing in the mirror. He accepts that organizations must encourage a more significant level of moral conduct so as to abstain from rehashing this equivalent budgetary emergency what's to come.

Medication or Substance-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder

Medication or Substance-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder Addiction Drug Use Print Medication or Substance-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder When Alcohol, Drugs or Medications Cause Mild Problems With Brain Functioning By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on August 12, 2019 istockphoto / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Mild neurocognitive disorder due to substance/medication use and major neurocognitive disorder due to substance/medication use  are the diagnostic names for two alcohol- or drug-induced major neurocognitive disorders?major obviously being the more severe form. Unlike the problems with mental functioning that happen during intoxication or with a hangover the morning after alcohol useâ€"that pass fairly quicklyâ€"mild neurocognitive disorder continues to cause difficulty with mental functioning on an ongoing basis. For some people, it can impact their day-to-day functioning permanently. Many people who develop a neurocognitive disorder after using alcohol, drugs, or medications, dont actually realize they have these problems. Family and friends may be the first to notice problems with paying attention, remembering important things they need to do, and planning properly to manage their lives. In fact, the problems that people with mild neurocognitive disorder due to substance or medication use experience may only be helped by family or friends providing or arranging for additional support for the person in their daily lives. What Are Cognitive Deficits? Cognitive deficits are problems with mental functioning. Mental functioning ranges from perception to memory, from managing emotions to planning for the future, or even simply planning your meals and activities for today. Mental functioning is also needed for controlling your body movements, balance, coordination, as well as speech, communication of all kinds, understanding and getting along with other people. Even recognizing people and knowing the role they play in your life is controlled by mental functioning. So when cognitive deficits develop, a person can quickly find life difficult to cope with, and problems can develop rapidly. A huge risk for people with a history of drinking or drug use is that they can go back to these unhealthy ways of coping with problems, making cognitive functioning even worse. Cognitive deficits can occur as part of a brain disorder, but when they are due to a substance or medication use, there is a decline or worsening of mental abilities that were at a higher level of functioning. There is a variety of cognitive deficits that can occur as part of this condition, including: Difficulty paying attention or concentrating on what you are doing or what is going on around youDifficulty with executive functioning;  skills like making plans for the future, controlling impulses to do things that might not be a good idea, particularly in the long term, and making decisions about everything from what to wear on a hot or cold day to financial planning for the next 10 yearsLearning new skillsâ€"this doesnt just mean learning in school, or learning skills like driving, but learning everyday things we are all required to do, like learning to use a new type of technologyProblems with remembering informationâ€"not only difficult, abstract information, but everyday information, such as your phone number, address, and where you need to go todayDifficulties with speaking and communicating clearly with other peoplePerceptual-motor skillsâ€"how you control your body and movements, even something you take for granted, such as walkingSocial awareness and understanding of other peopleâ€"from treating people with caring and courtesy through to knowing when someone is trying to rip you off Is It a Substance-Induced or Pre-Existing Disorder? When doctors or psychologists give a diagnosis of mild neurocognitive disorder due to substance/medication use, they check to make sure that the cognitive deficits werent there before the person used the alcohol, drug, or medication that is thought to be responsible for their difficulties. This is because there are different types of neurocognitive disorders, and if the symptoms were there before the substance use, the person is probably not suffering from the substance/medication-induced type of neurocognitive disorder, but instead, some other type of neurocognitive disorder. For people who have a long history of substance use, it can be difficult to know what came firstâ€"the substance use or the neurocognitive disorderâ€"but this can often be determined by taking a careful history of substance use and cognitive functioning, as well as carefully managing detox with an extended period of abstinence from all alcohol, drugs, and medications that may have induced the disorder. How Soon After Taking the Drug Can Neurocognitive Problems Be Induced? In some cases, neurocognitive problems can develop almost immediately after taking the drug or medication. As the brain doesnt typically function at its best during drug intoxication and withdrawal, it can be difficult for doctors to know whether the mental problems the person is experiencing are the result of a slow recovery of normal brain functioning after using alcohol or drug use for a long time. Usually, mental skills will improve a great deal within a few days of stopping drinking or taking drugs, and continue to improve as the person moves through the detox process over the next couple of weeks. Sometimes, it can take months or even years for functioning to return to normal. However, in other cases, even if the person improves, the problems can be persistent, and normal functioning may not fully return. Finally, for the diagnosis of mild (rather than major) neurocognitive disorder due to substance/medication use to be given, the person would still be independent in everyday activities, such as paying bills or managing medications, but these activities may take more effort or compensatory strategies, or the person might need extra help to accomplish them. Which Drugs Cause Substance-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder? A wide variety of psychoactive substances can cause mild neurocognitive disorder due to substance/medication use, including the following: Alcohol We know more about mild neurocognitive disorder in alcohol  users than in other drug users, because more research has been conducted on drinkers than on drug users, and the impact of alcohol on the health of the brain is well known. About 30 to 40% of heavy drinkers have some form of alcohol-induced mild neurocognitive disorder, during the first month or two after they stop drinking. These problems are more likely to continue for a longer time in people who are 50 or older before they quit drinking. Even though psychological tests show that their brains are not working normally, people with this condition may not be aware they are impaired, therefore family and friends may be the ones to notice the person is having difficulty. Inhalants People can sometimes suffer from mild neurocognitive disorder right after intoxication with inhalant drugs,  and for some peopleâ€"even after quitting inhalantsâ€"these problems can continue. A study of inhalant users showed that most had improved significantly after two years of discontinuing inhalant use, and most had returned to normal cognitive functioning after 15 years of abstinence. The exception was a group of inhalant users who had developed lead encephalopathy from leaded petroleum (gasoline) inhalation. These people continued to have inhalant-induced neurocognitive disorder even 15 years after stopping sniffing gasoline. In these cases, the disorder may not be mild but may be major, meaning that the persons ability to function independently is severely disrupted. Cocaine About a third of people who use cocaine experience mild neurocognitive disorder after they quit cocaine, with some people continuing to have these problems long term after they have quit. A study has shown that people who are active cocaine users perform significantly worse on various tests of neurocognitive functioning than people of the same age who do not use cocaine, regardless of their age. However, the same study showed that older cocaine users perform much worse on tests of particular cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, attention, and short-term memory than younger cocaine users. While it is normal and natural for peoples neurocognitive abilities to decline with age, this normal deterioration is more pronounced in older cocaine users. Therefore, older cocaine users are particularly vulnerable to problems that come with age, such as being able to control their movements, focus their attention on what they are doing and what is going on around them, and remembering everything from what they need to do today, to the important people and events in their lives. Methamphetamine As with cocaine, about a third of people who use methamphetamine suffer from a mild neurocognitive disorder, with persistent problems in some users after abstinence. Neurocognitive problems can also result from cerebrovascular disease which leads to diffuse or focal brain injury. The executive functioning of methamphetamine users is even worse in people who have also used the drug ketamine. Opioids About 33 to 39 percent of  people who use opioids have neurocognitive problems, and some continue to have problems even after they have quit. Research has shown that opioid-dependent adults have high rates of neurocognitive impairment, with severe problems in learning and memory. People who have been addicted to alcohol and cocaine at some point in their lives, as well as opioids, have a greater neurocognitive impairment, particularly in executive functioning. Because executive functioning is critical for making decisions, and because having problems with learning and memory can interfere with properly taking in information, people with opioid addictions may need more support  for making medical decisions than most people. Phencyclidine About a third of phencyclidine users have intermediate neurocognitive problems after they stop, with persistent problems in some users after abstinence. Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Medications As with many types of drugs, there are intermediate problems in about a third of users of sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic medications, with persistent problems in some users after abstinence. The fact that most people who use these drugs are prescribed them presents particular problems, especially with issues such as driving impairment. Experimental research has shown specific deficits in driving ability in people who use these medications. Benzodiazepines, a type of central nervous system depressant, is also associated with the greatest likelihood of causing accidents. A Word From Verywell Cognitive impairments resulting from alcohol, drug, or medication use can be confusing and upsetting and can cause problems for the individual affected  and those around them. The good news is that if you stop drinking or using the drug or medication under medical supervision, the odds are good for making a full recovery, even if this takes time. If you or someone you care about is affected, getting a diagnosis will help determine what help is needed for functioning well in everyday life.

The Feminist Movement Of Henrik Ibsen s Ibsen

Granted that, Ibsen had disclosed that he was not consciously writing the play to support the feminist movement, nor did he have any intentions to motivate women to follow Nora’s footsteps. He actually had treated a Scandinavian who had followed Nora’s footsteps distastefully, and criticized her because she took her child when running away, instead of running away by herself (Templeton 35). The reason for his hypocritical attitude to the woman was to protect himself from the many critics that were already accusing him of a supporter. He had many women in his life that were mistreated due to the societal differences, and actually was mentored by Magdalen Thoresen, who was one of the first â€Å"New Woman† he had met. He eventually married her Magdalen’s stepdaughter, Suzannah, and wrote about her in order to remind people of Suzannah (Templeton 36). Ibsen may have spoken out against being a supporter, but his motives for such actions were very prevalent in his life. Nevertheless, those two females were not the most important feminists in his life however. Camilla Collett, one of the most active feminists in the European countries had. She wrote a novel stating how women’s feelings matter and they have rights as human beings to education and free-will of who they are to marry. Publishers gave her the ultimatum of a masculine name change, or no name at all (Templeton 36). Somehow she became known as the author and was exiled. Her and Suzannah Ibsen became close friends andShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreNora s Escape From Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House Essay2552 Words   |  11 PagesTomlinson Ms Davis Honors Modern Literature 7 October 2016 Nora’s Escape Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House follows Nora’s struggles to escape the firm grasp of her domineering husband. Throughout the novel, Nora is depicted as obedient to her husband, Torvald, and never dares to stand up to him. Torvald’s condescension and thinly veiled misogyny continuously confines Nora to her strict 19th century gender role. The title of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House mirrors Nora’s sense of oppression and lack of agencyRead MoreHedda Gabler by Ibsen977 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis of Ibsen#8217;s Hedda Gabler A spider becomes caught in it#8217;s own web. This is an example of an attempted manipulation that went awry. Hedda Gabler, by Henrik Ibsen, is a work about a woman who manipulates the fates of others in order to fulfill her own desires. The title character is a woman who has recently returned from a six month #8220;honeymoon#8221; with her groom, Tesman, a man whom she does not love. She yearns for freedom, but she feels as if she cannotRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s Ibsen 1459 Words   |  6 PagesHenrik Ibsen is a very common and almost an essential person if you where to judge him by his plays. Ibsen plays are a symbolic representation of how to deal with the reality of social issues. Social issues can be manipulated and used as a powerful political weapon. During this period writers would commonly form information in order to gain the attention and support of the public. Henrik Ibsen understood human nature, he played a crucial role in exploring and illuminating soc iety by uniting honestyRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1725 Words   |  7 PagesIn the late 19th century, the feminist movement was beginning to take shape. Issues that fall under the feminist movement include reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, womens suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence (Donovon 85). To begin with, feminists were concerned with the social barriers that limited their rights such as being seen as less than a man, uneducated, or only to be a hous ewife. As the movement built more support, it began taking a politicalRead MoreA Dolls House Feminism Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pagestopic. However, there were some that wrote about feminist issues without realizing it, such as Henrik Ibsen. In his play ‘A Doll’s House’ Henrik approaches the topic of marriage, gender roles within marriage, and whether a not a women becomes an extension of her husband once she is married; it brings about an interesting debate about women individuality in marriage. And by writing this, he caused a spark a debate that is still being held today. Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’ effectively questionsRead More Ibsen, Strindberg and Feminism Essay examples2824 Words   |  12 Pageslate 19th century Naturalism was emerging as the primary movement in literature of that period. The movement was influenced heavily by the discoveries made in politics, sciences and psychology of the time. Discoveries such as Darwi n’s evolutionary theories, Marx’s Das Kapital and even Freud’s research on the psychology of the human were creating shock and upset and began to revolutionised society’s outlook on the world. The naturalist movement in literature also coincided with the beginnings of women’sRead MoreCritical Analysis of a Doll House1250 Words   |  5 PagesA Critical Analysis of A Doll House By Henrik Ibsen Henrik Ibsen s background provided him the insight to write the play A Doll House. In Britannica Biographies, Ibsen s father lost his business and the family s financial stability when Ibsen was a young child. Because of the family s financial misfortunes, at the age of 15, Ibsen was forced to leave home and venture out on his own. He supported himself meagerly as an apothecary s apprentice and studied at night to prepare for universityRead MoreAnalysis of A Dolls House Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pageshistory is portrayed in a particular play emphasizing what a certain historical event, personage, or situation enables the playwright to communicate. Discuss what effect the playwrights transformation of historical reality has on an audience. Henrik Ibsens widely regarded work, A Dolls House, was first introduced in 1879 as a theatrical presentation of human rights. Today, Ibsens work remains as such, although often conveyed as more focused on womens rights. The Norwegian playwrights

Charles Hamilton Houston Civil Rights Attorney and Mentor

Overview When attorney Charles Hamilton Houston wanted show the inequality of segregation, he did not only present arguments in a courtroom. While arguing Brown v. Board of Education, Houston took a camera throughout South Carolina to identify examples of inequality existing in African-American and white public schools.   In the documentary The Road to Brown, judge Juanita Kidd Stout described Houston’s strategy by saying, ...All right, if you want it separate but equal, I will make it so expensive for it to be separate that you will have to abandon your separateness.   Key Achievements First African-American editor of the Harvard Law Review.Served as Dean of Howard University Law School.Helped dismantle Jim Crow laws as the litigation direction of the NAACP.Trained future U.S. Supreme Court Justice, Thurgood Marshall. Early Life and Education Houston was born on September 3, 1895 in Washington DC. Houston’s father, William, was an attorney and his mother, Mary was a hairstylist and seamstress. Following a graduation from M Street High School, Houston attended Amherst College in Massachusetts. Houston was a member of Phi Betta Kappa and when he graduated in 1915, he was the class valedictorian. Two years later, Houston joined the U.S. Army and trained in Iowa. While serving in the army, Houston was deployed to France where his experiences with racial discrimination fueled his interest in studying law. In 1919 Houston returned to the United States and began studying law at Harvard Law School. Houston became the first African-American editor of the Harvard Law Review and was mentored by Felix Frankfurter, who would later serve on the U.S. Supreme Court. When Houston graduated in 1922, he was received the Frederick Sheldon Fellowship which allowed him to continue studying law at the University of Madrid. Attorney, Law Educator and Mentor Houston returned to the United States in 1924 and joined his father’s law practice. He also joined the faculty of Howard University School of Law. He would go on to become the school’s dean where he would mentor future lawyers such as Thurgood Marshall and Oliver Hill. Both Marshall and Hill were recruited by Houston to work for the NAACP and its legal efforts. Yet it was Houston’s work with the NAACP that allowed him to rise to prominence as an attorney. Recruited by Walter White, Houston began working the NAACP as its first special counsel in the early 1930s.   For the next twenty years, Houston played an integral role in civil rights cases brought before the U.S. Supreme Court. His strategy for defeating Jim Crow laws was by showing that the inequities present in â€Å"separate but equal† policy established by Plessy v. Ferguson  in 1896. In cases such as Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, Houston argued that was unconstitutional for Missouri to discriminate against African-American students wishing to enroll in the state’s law school since there was no comparable institution for students of color. While waging civil rights battles, Houston also mentored future lawyers such as Thurgood Marshall and Oliver Hill at Howard University School of Law. Both Marshall and Hill were recruited by Houston to work for the NAACP and its legal efforts. Although Houston died before the Brown v. Board of Education decision was handed down, his strategies were used by Marshall and Hill. Death Houston died in 1950 in Washington D.C. In his honor, the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at Harvard Law School opened in 2005.

Hemingway’s Descriptive technique Free Essays

The First World War wreaked more havoc and destruction than the world had ever seen before. All around them, people could only see death and devastation. The existing moral structure and value systems were coming crumbling down as men killed fellow men without so much as a second thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemingway’s Descriptive technique or any similar topic only for you Order Now This led to people questioning faith, religion, and the existence of God. They began to feel that if there really was a God, then surely he would stop the pain and suffering that man was facing at that time? A movement slowly began to sweep over Europe, where people began to re-think and question the very meaning of life. This school of thought came to be known as Existentialism. Very similar to Existentialism, was Modernism. The Modernists were people who revolted against the music, art and architecture of the times, and targeted mainly the classical and romantic strains of literature. They were people who were depressed and disillusioned by the militarism of the times, and challenged fundamental values such as progress and enlightenment. Like the Existentialists, they too did not believe in the existing set of rules and morals that governed society, and believed it was time for a change. Both of these concepts influenced Hemingway greatly, and we can see the effect of this influence clearly in his writing. The novel. â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† is narrated entirely from Frederick Henry’s point of view. He has a very distinct way of describing things-short and crisp. Throughout the novel, though Henry is surrounded on all sides by death, destruction and the wreckage of war, never once do we see him dramatizing or romanticizing it. He has what one might call a â€Å"reporter’s eye†-everything is portrayed as if being reported by a journalist, concentrating only on the concrete facts and nothing else. Hemingway does not give the reader the opportunity to pass moral judgement on any of the characters or situations, infact, Henry gives us a perfect 360 degree view of things, and the way in which he speaks of death and casualties with such practiced normalcy almost unsettles the reader. In this part of the novel, Hemingway also stresses on the differences that have grown between Rinaldi and Henry. Henry was injured and had to leave the front, which subsequently led to him spending time and falling deeply in love with Catherine. This episode in his life gave him the chance to change and grow as a person, he becomes more mature and very different from the Henry that we came to know at the beginning of the book. Rinaldi, on the other hand, remains the way he has always been, and seems to have grown embittered and hostile towards the war. â€Å"It is killing me,† he says. Of Henry he says, â€Å"you act like a married man,† almost accusing him of having changed. In this manner, Hemingway uses Rinaldi as a foil to bring out and emphasize the change and growth that has taken place in Henry. In Book Three of the novel, Henry and Catherine’s romantic interlude has ended, and the focus shifts once more from love to war. It is once again Autumn, and â€Å"the trees were all bare and the roads were muddy;† Hemingway continues with his use of rain and water as a bad omen. Mud here also represents the unclarity and uncertainty of the times. Later, in chapter 28, mud acts as an antagonist of sorts, when the ambulances get stuck in it, and this leads to Henry shooting a fellow Italian officer. The contrast between the plains and the mountains, which Hemingway had established in earlier chapters, is laid out more explicitly here when Henry, while speaking to a driver named Gino, tells him that he does not believe that a war can be fought and won in the mountains. This establishes the mountains not only as a place of peace and tranquility, but also of refuge. Rain also seems to be ever-present during Book Three. In Chapter 27, it begins to pour, and this marks the beginning of the Italian retreat. By the evening, the rain turns to snow for a while, giving the men a glimmer of hope, only to start raining again. The reader is so tuned into the rain- death symbolism by now that when, over dinner, a driver known as Amyno says, â€Å"To-morrow maybe we drink rainwater,† we are left with a deep sense of foreboding and doom. Perhaps the most important bit of symbolism in the whole novel comes in Chapter 28 of Book Three. It is the climax of the novel, and the action is all downhill from then onwards. Here, Henry deserts the war at long last, it is something that has been in the pipeline for many a chapter. Chaos seems to be at large, as Henry witnesses Amyno being shot by a fellow Italian. As he says, â€Å"We are in more danger from Italians than from Germans.† Henry had never felt any duty or obligation to the Italian army, he always seemed to be isolated from the war, and so it seems as if all this time Hemingway was preparing us for this very moment. When Henry plunges headlong into the river, effectively abandoning the war, the reader is not shocked, and does not feel the urge to pass judgement of any sort, because he understands Henry’s motives for desertion. His dive into the river is Hemingway’s way of signaling a Re-Birth or Baptism of sorts, as when Henry comes out of the w ater, he is a changed man, who has made his own peace with the war. This is further exemplified when Henry says, â€Å"Anger was washed away in the river along with any obligation,† Also, while Henry is clutching on to the piece of timber and floating down the river, we notice that though the entire novel up until that point has been entirely in the first person (â€Å"I†), the narration now shifts for a brief moment, and Henry begins to use the words â€Å"you† and â€Å"we†. The result of this is that the reader feels much closer to Henry, and gets a chance to put himself in Henry’s shoes. Its as if Hemingway wants us all to be Fredrick Henry, if only for a moment. At the end of Book Three, we see Henry traveling in a train car used to transport guns, and thinking quietly about what he has just done, and about his love for Catherine. Again, Hemingway uses the second-person narrative, as Henry justifies his desertion to himself by thinking, â€Å"You were out of it now, you had no more obligation.† Thus, Hemingway effectively utilizes these various descriptive techniques and employs them to peel away the layers of glory and honour that surround the war, instead showing us the honest, brutal face of war. The novel reaches its climax in Book Three, and we see descending action from here onwards. How to cite Hemingway’s Descriptive technique, Essays

Xemba Translations Project Plan

Project Performance Measurement Metrics The broad objectives of the work of any project manager are the delivery of a project on time, within budget, and within the quality criteria. These objectives provide the basis for the development of performance measurement metrics for any project. The following five metrics will be applied to the performance measurement of the Xemba Translations Project.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Xemba Translations Project Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first metric is the measurement of the budgeted cost of labor versus actual cost of labor. While general metric dealing with all costs would still provide some information, the nature of labor in this project calls for proper accounting for its use. The human resource for this project came with a price tag. The hourly pay model gives a clear indication of what it costs the company to motivate human resource commitemen t to the project. The measurement for this metric will be the number of hours billed versus the number of hours in the project plan. The project will be performing poorly if the budgeted hours are less than the hours actually used in the project for the designated work packages. The second metric is similar to the first one, although it is related to the cost of acquisitions. It measures the budgeted versus the actual cost of acquisitions. This metric needs monitoring because of the expected increase in the cost of acquisitions. This expectation arose from the realization that the company will need twelve more computers to complete the project. The measurement of the metric will be similar to the method used to measure staff performance. This is the calculation of the money actually spent on acquisitions versus the money budgeted. If more money goes to the acquisitions compared to the money in the budget for that purpose, then the project will be off budget. The third metric to be u sed in the measurement of project performance will be the variance between the scheduled versus the actual time spent on the activities of the project. The deadline for the project is the beginning of the third quota. A failure to keep time will have consequences for the company’s operations. This measure will come from the Gantt charts for the project, which show the amount of time needed to complete the project.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A related metric will be the task completion rate. This metric will combine the Gantt chart values with time indicators to determine whether the project stakeholders are handling their tasks as planned. The task completion rate will help determine whether the pace of the project at any time is commensurate to the targets set to complete these tasks. This metric, calculated weekly, will give a value indicating the pace of the project. The project is currently behind schedule and there is need to monitor the daily progress of the tasks to ensure that everything ends on time. The task completion rate will provide the basis for making conclusions about any discrepancies in the delivery of work packages. It is essential to complete the project on time, which is before the third quarter. The reason why the work packages are important to measure is that they provide critical information for reporting the progress of the project to all stakeholders. The completion of any work package constitutes a project milestone. The calculation for this metric will rely on time. Justification of Metrics The need to deliver the project on time and within budget informed the decisions that guided the choice of metrics for performance measurement for the project. The five metrics deal with time management or financial management. The justification for the using labor expenses as a metric for the project is as follows. Firs t, the company committed some employees and contract workers to work on the project. The company bills the project for the time the employees and contract workers spend working on the project. Secondly, the time that the members of staff spend working on project reduces the overall project time. This means that an observation of how much money goes towards paying for the resource persons is an indirect indicator of the progress of the project.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Xemba Translations Project Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The decision to have a separate metric measuring the cost of project acquisitions came from the realization that there is need to keep track of the cost of items earmarked for purchase. The main items that the company will need to acquire are new computers that can replace slower ones. There is information that the number of computers the company needs to buy to replace th e slow computers is more than the number estimated at the beginning of the project. A second reason to monitor these computers is that the supplier will be late in supplying the computers by two weeks. This is because there was a fire that affected their main supplier. In addition to these two reasons, it is necessary to make a decision regarding the type of computers to buy. The choices that exist now are between laptops and desktop computers. The laptops are more expensive. This means that buying desktop computers may help in managing the budget. However, there are operational factors regarding their use that need consideration. The third metric regarding schedule management arose because of the need to bring the project back on track. All the work packages are behind schedule. There is need to identify the causes of delay and to find ways of ensuring that the project concludes on time. Keeping track of the schedule will benefit the project in two ways. First, it will ensure that there is an objective measure of the use of time at regular intervals. This will help in the identification and elimination of the sources of delay in the project delivery. Failure to uncover the causes of delay may cause further interruptions to the project. Secondly, the project needs to recover time because of the delays already experienced. The only way to measure the degree of recovery needed and the impact of new measures geared towards the recovery of time is by using a performance measure that tracks the schedule. The task completion rate as a metric will help monitor the actual output derived from the project resources. The first reason for measuring the task completion rate is that this is the only way that the project management team can know whether the resources assigned to the project are creating value for the project.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, task completion is the basic unit of measurement of the delivery of project goals. It is an accurate means of measuring the progress of the project. The final metric chosen to measure project performance is the rate of delivery of work packages. The work package is a larger unit of work which completion amounts to a milestone for the project. The first reason for choosing this metric is that it is very important for reporting progress to the stakeholders such as the management. Secondly, the delivery of a work package is a milestone for the project with a complete set of benefits. It is important to keep track of the completion rate of the work packages in this regard. Project Status Based on Metrics Resource Name Cost per Hour ($) Budgeted Hours Budgeted Cost ($) Work Completed ($) Remaining Hours Projected Hours to Complete Project Time Overrun (hrs) Cost Overrun ($) Elizabeth 70 121.43 8500.1 122 -0.57 0 0.57 39.9 Hugh 70 120 8400 103 17 17 0 0 Kimberly 70 76 5 320 72 4 16 12 840 Phoebe 68 98 6664 76 22 20 -2 -136 Ben 68 138 9384 93 45 52 7 476 Zeke 65 384.67 25003.55 153 231.67 245 13.33 866.45 Malinda 75 224 16800 58 166 160 -6 -450 Willis 70 108 7560 160 -52 68 120 8400 Jackson 45 268 12060 177 91 112 21 945 Valene 60 150 9000 116 34 64 30 1800 Kendrick 40 78 3120 86 -8 0 8 320 Marcel 75 432.85 32463.75 268 164.85 200 35.15 2636.25 Clemencia 80 218.05 17444 104 114.05 114 -0.05 -4 Lianne 37.5 204 7650 170 34 110 76 2850 Darius 55 72 3960 30 42 42 0 0 TOTAL 2693 173329.4 1788 905 1220 315 18583.6 Table 2: Analysis table for various costs The Budgeted cost of labor for the project was 173,329.4 dollars. Projected time overrun shows that the money required for the project to go to completion is 18,583.6 dollars. This is an increase of 10.7% from the original budget. This proves that there is a need to monitor the way the resources use project time because of the obvious increase in the budgetary deficit for th e project. Willis and Marcel lead in both the time spent on the project above the budgeted time, and the time needed to complete their tasks. Special focus needs to go into monitoring the time these two employees spend on the project. The company budget shows that acquisitions for the project must not exceed 73,670.57 dollars. The report presented, which is related to the need to acquire new computers shows that the company needs to buy twelve extra computers. The initial plan was to buy thirty-five computers. However, after auditing the existing ones, the total number of computers due for replacement went up to forty-seven. This will escalate the cost by between 11,400 dollars and 14,200 dollars, depending on whether the company acquires desktop computers or laptops. Variance in Activity Time Task Name Work (hrs) Baseline (hrs) Variance (hrs) Actual (hrs) Remaining (hrs) % Work Complete Computer inventory and requirements 375.95 340 35.95 375.95 0 100% Technical support 197. 33 200 -2.67 160.67 36.67 81% Computing support 258 210 48 192 66 74% Document servers 356 330 26 242 114 68% Shared drives 351.2 310 41.2 228.8 122.4 65% FTP Sites 621.67 609 12.67 230.87 390.8 37% Firewalls 417.6 424 -6.4 97.6 320 23% Web-based meetings 430 270 160 260 170 60% 3007.75 2693 314.75 1787.89 1219.87 Table 3: Activity summary of tasks and work packages Task Completion Rate The activity summary shows that in almost all areas, there will be a need for more time than scheduled. Various factors affected the progress of the project. The important issue to bear in mind at this point is that most work packages will require more time to deliver. Table 2 also shows that work package delivery is still very low, with the completion of only one work package. The high number of hours beyond the planned time that the project requires before completion is of more interest. Impact of Current Problems The analysis of the status of the project revealed the following i ssues. First, two employees will account for more than fifty percent of all cost overruns related to labor. The two employees carry the highest staff costs for the project. Marcel and Willie will require more than 10,000 dollars out of the total projected cost overrun of about 18,000 dollars. This presents three problems to the project. First, it means that any interruption in the availability of these two employees will lead to further delays in the project. Secondly, the nature of task distribution that led to this situation reveals a fundamental problem with the original organization of the project. The two employees seem to carry an inordinate amount of responsibility in the project. This may lead to lapses or inclusion of errors in their output because of the strain on them. Thirdly the two employees need extra time to complete their tasks because of the exhaustion of their previous time allocation This is an indication that there is need to investigate the actual distribution of work in relation to the two employees. Is there a chance that the two employees are not creating value for the project as initially intended? The second main problem that the analysis revealed is that the project will exceed the budget by more than ten percent. This conclusion comes from two observations. The first observation comes from the projection that the cost of staff will exceed the budget by 10.7 %. These projections came from the estimated time the project staff members require to deliver the project. The causes of the delays that led to the need for more time still exist. For instance, not all information that relates to the operations of the final system is available. It is only wise to anticipate some more delays that may lead to the need for more time, especially in relation to the testing of the new system. The second observation is that the cost of acquisitions will exceed the budget. The reason for this is that there are components whose necessity became apparent only after the inception of the project. For instance, the budget estimates show that the number of new computers the organization will need to buy to replace the slower ones is thirty-five. However, the actual number of computers that the organization needs to replace is forty-seven. This will increase the cost of acquisitions by more than 10,000 dollars. The third main problem the analysis revealed is the risk of catastrophic failure of the system. The two main aspects of the project that will lead to this eventuality are time and technical constraints. The rigid deadline set when the project started, demands the completion of the project before the third quarter. The project is already behind the schedule because of various factors. The only way to ensure that the project ends on time is to increase the work rate of the employees available or to assign more employees to the project. The second problem related to the technical limits is that the team must work within. Many techni cal risks exist around the project. If any of the associated risk events occurs, the project will be in jeopardy. The relationship between this situation and the analysis above is that the project is under dire time and resource constraints. If there is no injection of new resources to support the delivery of the project on time, then the available resources may not be sufficient to mitigate the risks. All it will take for a catastrophic failure to occur is one mistake. Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures needed to deal with these problems are as follows. First, there is a need to undertake an audit of the work assigned to Marcel and Willis. This will help determine the cause of the huge time requirements that they need to complete their work packages. In the event that the distribution of work was overwhelming for them, then it will be important to assign more resources to handle aspects of their work packages. If the audit shows that they are incompetent, then the best act ion in the interest of the project will be to replace them. Nothing can bring the project back on budget at this stage. Since the management gave an allowance of going over-budget by up to ten percent, there is need to approve the necessary funds to cover for the impending shortfall. This will ensure that the team meets the quality criteria for the project. The board needs to approve a supplementary budget to cater for the financial shortfalls experienced by the project so far. The risk of catastrophic failure due to time and resource constraints is the most challenging issue to deal with in this project. The risk management matrix revealed that several risks could occur concurrently leading to catastrophic failure. This will require very careful management of the project to keep these risks from taking place. The best way to ensure that the entire project succeeds is to bring the project online in phases. It will also help to carry out more performance tests than earlier planned. I t is also possible to increase the resources available to the project to increase the work rate of the employees. This will enable the project team to handle the risks more easily. Executive Summary Xemba Translations is in the middle of an IT project geared towards making it possible for telecommuters to work effectively for Xemba. The new risks identified include the likelihood for resource competition among project priorities, and an increase in labor costs. Other risks are the failure to meet the project deadline and the potential for a catastrophic technical failure due to implementation mistakes arising from pressure to deliver the project on time. The metrics that will help in measuring the performance of the project are as follows. The first metric is a comparison of budgeted cost versus the actual cost of labor. This arises from the realization that labor consumes project funds at an hourly rate. The second metric is a comparison of the budgeted cost of acquisitions versus the actual cost. The third metric is the measurement of the actual time consumed by project activities, compared to the scheduled time. The fourth metric is the task completion rate. The project has fifty-five tasks. This metric will help to measure how well the project is performing based on task completion rate. The fifth metric is the measurement of the delivery of work packages. After applying these metrics, the main problems uncovered during the project are that two resource persons account for more than fifty percent of labor cost overruns. Marcel and Willie need more 10,000 dollars to complete their work. The second problem is that the project will exceed the budget by more than ten percent. The third main problem is that there is a risk of catastrophic failure of the project arising from the time and resource constraints. The measures required to mitigate against these problems include auditing Marcel and Willie’s work to ensure they are competent and that they are ca pable to deliver on their workpackages within the remaining time. Secondly, the project requires more money for it to be completed on time. It is necessary to approve the required money as soon as possible because it exceeds the 10,000 dollar threshold. Thirdly, from this point, the project manager must observe every process closely to ensure no more time goes to waste. References Arson, E. W., Gray, C. F. (2011). Project Management: The Managerial Process,. New York, NY: McGraw Hill International. Meredeth, J. R., Mantel, S. J. (2011). Project Management: A Managerial Approach (8 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Phillips, J. (2010). IT Project Management. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. This case study on Xemba Translations Project Plan was written and submitted by user Duncan Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Israek essays

Israek essays Anlisis Histrico de Israel. Israel tiene una historia muy extensa, rica, compleja y supremamente conflictiva. A lo largo de todo el proceso histrico de conformacin del actual Estado de Israel, el territorio y regin, ms conocida como Palestina, ha sido objeto de constantes disputas, bien sea por su ubicacin estratgica, o por la proliferacin del conflicto arabe-israeli. Lo que ha caracterizado a esta regin, es que ha estado expuesta a continuos movimientos migratorios, que comenzaron hacia el an ha sido ampliamente influenciada y gobernada por muchos poderes extranjeros: Asirios, babilonios, persas, griegos, romanos, bizantinos, rabes, cruzados, mamelucos, turcos otomanos y britnicos. A pesar de estos continuos cambios de gobierno, que traen consigo, nuevas costumbres, nuevos habitantes, nuevas ideologà ­as, se mantuvieron en el exilio la identidad nacional y religiosa de los judà ­os, la religin pues, ha sido uno de los lazos principales, que ha logrado mantener una identidad propia a lo largo de todos los siglos, pero igualmente y en mi concepto, la religin no fue (en un comienzo) la causa y motivo fundamental de la situacin actual de violencia y conflicto que se vive al interior del Estado de Israel, las causas van ms all. La polà ­tica neocolonial se encarg de provocar el enfrentamiento de dos comunidades que histricamente habà ­an convivido en el mismo territorio sin encausarse en grandes luchas y contiendas. Tal vez, hasta el siglo XIX, esa convivencia fue un perfecto ejemplo de tolerancia, que cambio gracias a las polà ­ticas mencionadas a...

Function Questions on SAT Reading Strategies and Practice

Function Questions on SAT Reading Strategies and Practice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Function questions (also sometimes known as â€Å"meaning in context† questions) make up 17% of all passage-based reading questions, or about 12% of all SAT Critical Reading questions (based on my survey of the four publicly available post-2005 SATs). Answering function questions requires the ability to step back from the text and judge the effect of a phrase in a certain place (as opposed to little picture and vocab in context questions, which are just concerned with meaning). So how are function questions asked on the SAT, and what strategies can you use to answer them? Read on to find out. Note: The advice in this article is still relevant for the new SAT (March 2016 and beyond), but some of the examples have not yet been updated. Feature image credit: What's Your Function In Life? by bixentro, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. What Are Function Questions? Function questions ask what a phrase, sentence, paragraph does in the context of a passage. They are often framed as â€Å"The author wrote [this thing] in order to..." Answering these questions can be tricky, because the wording of function questions often makes it seem as if they're asking â€Å"Why did the author do this thing?† Invariably, unless you are the author, your first response will probably be along the lines of "How should I know? I can't read the author's mind!"A better way to approach function questions is to rephrase them from "The author uses the phrase "The Great Old Ones" multiple times in order to..." to something more like â€Å"What effect does mentioning "The Old Ones" multiple times have in the context of [the lines, paragraph, or passage]?† A label sometimes given to function questions is "meaning in context" questions, which I find to be a little too imprecise: the questions are asking about the EFFECT of a phrase in context, not what the phrase means (which would be an inference question). Let's say that I lived in a city that got over 100 inches of snow last winter, and just as I finished clearing snow out of the gutters, it started snowing again, prompting me to sing (sarcastically) "It's the most wonderful time of the year" as I smiled through gritted teeth. The MEANING of the words "most wonderful" in this context would be "worst" (as in "It's the worst time of the year"); the FUNCTION of the words "most wonderful" would be "to suggest that the speaker actually feels the opposite is true." Just as with primary purpose questions, function questions usually have answer choices that are in the form of â€Å"verb a noun† (as in "add gravitas to the mythology" or "convey the passing of time"); the main difference between the two is that function questions ask about relatively small amounts of text (phrases or lines), as opposed to the entire paragraphs covered in big picture questions. In fact, having a good understanding of the big picture/main point of a passage can often assist you in answering function questions. Consider this example: you're asked "The phraseâ€Å"the life-or-death cycle of espionage and counterespionage† primarily serves to..." If you know that the main point is, for instance, about deep sea life, you’re unlikely to assume the phrase â€Å"the life-or-death cycle of espionage and counterespionage† promotes the idea that all underwater creatures are potential spies for other countries. Instead, it's far more likely that the function of the statement is to support the idea that in dangerous environments like the deep ocean, species are constantly evolving to win the fight for survival. Here are a few examples of the most common ways you’ll see function questions presented in the SAT (adapted from actual SAT questions): â€Å"The primary purpose of the statements in lines 36-42 (â€Å"Like†¦from the deep†) is to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"In lines 58-73, the description of the ocean floor primarily serves to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The author invokes â€Å"Cthulhu the destroyer† chiefly in order to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The author uses spy imagery in lines 84-85 in order to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Jun asks the questions in lines 41-42 (â€Å"Does†¦frightening†) primarily in order to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"In lines 27-30, the author uses the word â€Å"ordinary† several times in order to† Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn by Thomas Claveirole, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. This is not in any way to imply that there is something lurking beneath the surface of the water. Why would you even think such a thing? The Best Strategies for Answering Function Questions Below, I’ve gathered the advice that is most helpful for answering function questions. Some of this advice is specific to certain ways of reading the passage (for instance, advice for students who read the whole passage before answering questions may be different from advice for students who read the questions before looking at the passage), while some advice is useful for everyone. Understand What the Question Is Really Asking I believe that this is the single most important part of consistently answering function questions correctly. The fact that function questions are worded in a way that makes it seem like you need to read the mind of the author (or character) can make these questions seem impenetrable. To some extent, I understand why the College Board words SAT Reading function questions the way it does. Questions that say â€Å"What does the mentioning of two sports stars do† are too open to interpretation, as compared to [actual SAT question] â€Å"The author of Passage 1 mentions two sports stars (lines 31-33) in order to.† Understanding the reasoning behind the wording doesn’t make the wording any less confusing at first glance, however. In order to answer function questions successfully, you must first learn to translate the questions into questions that you can actually answer. Here's an example question: The author most likely refers to the â€Å"flea† in line 4 in order to... Wrong way to rephrase it: "Why does the author refer to â€Å"the flea†?" The answer to this question is going to be something like "Because she feels like it? I dunno." Right way to rephrase it: "What does the reference to â€Å"the flea† DO?" The answer to this question: mentioning â€Å"the flea† emphasizes how good Duke Ellington’s listening skills were (his hearing was so sharp that he could even hear a flea). Corollary: Answer in Your Own Words Coming up with the answer in your own words before looking at the answer choices is just as useful for function questions as it is for many other types of SAT Reading questions. Your answer for â€Å"what does mentioning ‘monsters’ DO?† will probably not be as elegant as the answer choices, but your answer should only include relevant and accurate information, which means matching it to the correct answer should be easier (since the wrong answers may have irrelevant info or interpretations that â€Å"seem like they could be true†). Including irrelevant information in answer choices is a way the SAT will trip you up, particuarly on Reading questions – the College Board knows that you’re used to trying to see things from many angles as part of school (which is ordinarily helpful) and plays to that tendency. Because there's only one right answer on the SAT, if you start with the right answer in your own words it’s a lot easier to choose the right answer in their words. But how do you come up with your own answer for what a phrase, line, or sentence does in a passage in the first place? Look for Context Often, the lines that the question gives you are not necessarily the only lines you’ll need to answer the question - you'll need more context to figure out the function. If you’re struggling with a function questions, the best strategy is to look at the sentences before and after the phrase/sentence/lines you’re given in the question and see if they shed any further light on the phrase/sentence/lines in question. Occasionally, you may need even more context than the surrounding lines to answer function questions (like knowing the bigger picture/main point/perspective of the text/author). If you don’t have that context and are struggling to answer the question, circle it and come back to it after you’ve answered relevant big picture questions (questions about the paragraph/section the lines in question are in, or even questions about the whole passage). This leads nicely into my next point... Answer Questions in the Order That Works for You In contrast to the previous strategies, this strategy is heavily dependent upon which way you read the passage. I present three scenarios below. If you read thoroughly first, then answer questions, you could try answering big picture questions first (they might give you information that's useful for answering function questions), then function and inference questions (answer questions about larger amounts of text while it's still fresh in your mind), and end with little picture, author technique, and analogy questions. Honestly, though, if you read quickly enough to get through the passage and have plenty of time to answer the questions, answering all the questions in order is a viable option: it might be less confusing then jumping all over the questions and decreases the chance you’ll miss one/fill in the answer in the wrong spot. Do some trial and error to see what is most effective for you. If you look at the questions first, then go to the passage, I recommend answering little picture and vocab in context questions first. Answers to these questions will provide more information about the author and/or topic being covered, which can help you with function questions. If you end up needing big picture information in order to answer the function questions, you can always come back to them later (after you've answered the relevant big picture questions). If you skim through first, then read the questions, then back to passage, it's better to answer big picture and little picture questions first and get to function questions later. Why? Unless the phrase, sentence, lines being asked about were in the parts of the passage that you paid close attention to (beginning or end of a paragraph/passage), you probably didn’t get the meaning of the phrase/sentence/lines your first time through. Make the most use of skimming by answering questions that would be better served with a quick skim before answering questions that require a closer look (like function questions). Eliminate Answers The most important thing to remember when answering function questions on SAT Reading is that you must eliminate 3 wrong answers. If you’ve already answered the question in your own words successfully, this step might not even be necessary, because only one answer choices should match. However, the answer choices for function questions are often complex. What happens if your answer doesn't match any of the answer choices, and you have to go through them one by one? At first, it might seem daunting, because how do you figure out if the answer is right? There's so much to go through because the answers are so complicated! Actually, the fact that the answer choices are complex makes everything easier. Why? Because if any part of the answer choice does not match with the passage, then you can eliminate it. Let's look at an example: The author’s use of italics in line 20 serves primarily to (A) draw attention to a commonly known hypothesis (B) stress a speculative aspect of two theories (C) support a difficult claim (D) underscore a surprising point (E) emphasize an area of agreement Unlike with primary purpose questions, the verbs in the answer choices to function questions are usually synonymous (or close to), so you can’t really use that as an area of elimination. Instead, you must focus on the second part of the answer choices. For (B), this would be â€Å"a speculative aspect of two theories.† Are there two theories? If not, ELIMINATE. Is there a speculative aspect to these two theories? If not, ELIMINATE Does the use of italics actually stress the speculative aspect of the two theories? If not, ELIMINATE As you can see, there are many chances for elimination – it should be really hard for an answer to qualify as correct. For this question, the correct answer, (D), passes this test: there is a point, the point is surprising (both theories work, yet both cannot be true), and the italics underscores this (the italics emphasize the fact that both can’t be right). Function Questions: A Walkthrough I'll end this article with a walkthrough of a difficult function question. Here it is: The sentence in which â€Å"difficult† appears (lines 54-55) indicates that the author considers the word to be (A) an exaggeration (B) an estimate (C) an understatement (D) a contradiction (E) a preconception Before I even copy and paste the relevant lines, I’m going to rephrase this question in a way that is answerable: What effect does â€Å"difficult† have in lines 54-55? Okay, now it's time to take a look at those lines. The Tanaina live in an environment that could euphemistically be described as â€Å"difficult.† My thoughts: The word "difficult" appears in quotation marks, which makes me think the author doesn’t mean exactly what is written. If I know the word â€Å"euphemistically† (which I do), this will go a lot smoother. But let’s say for argument’s sake that I don’t know what "euphemistically" means. Hmm. The sentence doesn’t provide enough to answer what â€Å"difficult† does, except that there’s probably a hidden meaning. I need to look for more context. Here’s the sentence from the question again, along with the following sentence (since the sentence is at the beginning of a paragraph, it makes more sense to look at the next sentence, rather than the sentence before it): The Tanaina live in an environment that could euphemistically be described as â€Å"difficult.† Survival, especially in the wild, is always precarious. My thoughts: So the sentence in the question is followed by one that says â€Å"It’s hard to live out in the wild.† Author uses the word â€Å"precarious† which I’ve always associated with things hanging off the edge, as in â€Å"Your glass of seltzer is pretty precarious sitting at the edge of the table there, Laura. You might want to move it† (may or may not be a true story). So if survival is precarious that means it’s like something almost falling over the edge. That’s more than difficult – that’s dangerous. Okay. So let me check the question again: â€Å"The sentence in which â€Å"difficult† appears (lines 54-55) indicates that the author considers the word to be† Right right right. So the situation is actually much worse than just â€Å"difficult† for the Tanaina, and putting quotes around it makes it clear that the author thinks â€Å"difficult† is way too mild a word to describe the situation. So, in my own words, the author considers the word to be too mild. Let’s look at the choices again and eliminate some answers: (A) an exaggeration Nope, â€Å"difficult† is, if anything, the opposite of this. (B) an estimate Not really - this doesn’t make sense. If it were an estimate, there’s no reason for it to be in quotes. (C) an understatement Oh yes. This is the word I was looking for. I’ll just check the other answers†¦ (D) a contradiction No, â€Å"difficult† is not a contradiction, it’s just not extreme enough. (E) a preconception Hmm I guess I could double check to see if the word â€Å"difficult† is used earlier in the passage to describe the Tanaina, although I don’t think it was†¦but wait, no, I already have an answer that is correct. Never mind. IMG_1362 by Sasquatch I, used under CC BY 2.0. Fortunately, there is no "difficult" trail. Maybe that's what happens if you try to walk straight up the tree? Function Questions: Practice Time! The following four questions are all on the same passage (taken from an official and publicly available SAT). I’ve excerpted only the paragraphs that are relevant for these questions. 1. The author of the passage uses the quotation in lines 5-6 primarily as a (A) vivid expression of how she views words (B) powerful example of what she sought in Shakespeare (C) scholarly citation linking her to poetic words (D) comical introduction to a problem encountered by every dramatic performer (E) pragmatic assessment of the power of words for beginning drama students 2. By presenting both versions of the grandfather’s words (lines 9-10 and lines 15-16), the author primarily conveys the (A) grandfather’s attempts to play with language (B) grandfather’s enthusiasm in spite of her reaction (C) father’s intervention in a private moment (D) ambivalence she feels toward her grandfather (E) significance of the grandfather’s message 3. The comparisons in lines 26-27 serve primarily to (A) show the similarities that exist between dancing and acting (B) celebrate the broad range of memories that actors learn to draw on (C) justify the author’s adherence to conventional acting theory (D) explain why actors have difficulty interpreting character (E) enhance the author’s credibility as a technically trained actor 4. In lines 29-34 (â€Å"a kind . . . follow†), the author uses the idea of a dance to (A) supply an image for the awkwardness some actors experience (B) illustrate a process that words can set in motion (C) portray the enactment of a character as an exhilarating experience (D) argue that acting requires physical agility (E) show how a word can evoke multiple meanings Answer key (scroll down when ready): 1. A 2. E. 3. B 4. B In Conclusion Function questions ask you â€Å"what effect does this [phrase, sentence, series of lines] have, in context,† or, more simply, â€Å"what does this [phrase, sentence, series of lines] DO?† Make sure you understand the question (and put it in your own words, if necessary/it helps). Answer the question in your own words before looking at the SAT’s answer choices Look for context around the phrases or lines cited in the question to help answer the question. Answer function questions in an order that makes sense Eliminate four wrong answers What’s Next? Want to practice with actual SAT questions? Go to our guide and find links to free SATs and information about what other official tests are out there. Interested in more SAT Reading skills articles like this one? We’ve got a whole series of articles on SAT Reading skills, all linked in our complete guide to SAT Reading prep! Not sure how to finish the SAT Critical Reading section without running out of time? Learn about the different ways to read the passage and figure out which one is right for you. Think more structured help is the answer for you? Then why not try out our very own PrepScholar test prep platform free for five days? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Leadership in the accounting profession Research Paper

Leadership in the accounting profession - Research Paper Example The integrative leadership model will be applied to understand the important system of leadership in accounting profession. 2.0- LEADERSHIP IN A BROADER PERSPECTIVE AND IN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION The role of leaders in every organization has gained a critical importance. Organizations increasingly focus on developing leaders along with managers. There are different leadership styles or approaches that plays effective role in different scenarios. The leader is often the main force to drive the organization to success. Leaders in the organization direct the structure of organization, the culture and ethical values in the organization for contribution towards goal. Leaders actually develop the road map for the organization. Example, of Tim Cook at Apple, Jeff Bazos at Amazon and many more have led to the success stories for the organizations (Williams, 2013). Leadership can be present at any level of hierarchy such as strategic managers, middle-level managers, functional managers and oper ational managers. Accountancy profession has been witnessed to rely increasingly on the accounting curricula. Accounting field, since recent past, has realized the growing importance of developing leadership mindset among accounting students to successfully deal with the growing challenges of the practical field. 3.0- INTEGRATED LEADERSHIP MODEL The systematically defined model of leader’s role in professional service firms (PSFs) could better define the role a leader is required to play in the firm. Integrated model of leadership shall clearly define the combined role of employees with mindset of understanding â€Å"to whom they are leaders†. This clearly outclasses the performance of distant roles of liked and imposed jobs (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). According to the model there are three major responsibilities that leader possess in the firm that are setting direction, building commitment and ensuring execution. The graphical representation of the model is as follows: (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007) 3.1- SETTING DIRECTION Direction determination is the necessary element for every organization and leader stands with a direction. Direction shall lead to the vision of the organization. In the new paradigm, it shall be taken as the major responsibility by the leaders to set the direction for the employees for to keep them on the desirable track (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). 3.2- BUILDING COMMITMENT The involvement of all the employees including him/ her should be considerable in related company matters. Leaders shall take it as a responsibility to have consistent involvement of every employee in company matters and decision making. This activity contains all the employees on the same path in the organization (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). 3.3- ENSURING EXECUTION Good leader not only formulate the strategies but they also ensure the execution and evaluation of each planned activity and its execution. Professionals and leader must be accountable for the execution of the strategies. Also evaluation and analysis at every stage about the effectiveness of the implemented strategy is important. Execution does not only mean implementing the strategy but it requires gaining the full planned benefit (Delong, Gabarro, and Lees, 2007). 3.4- SETTING PERSONAL EXAMPLE Position of this aspect being

Terror Tactics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terror Tactics - Essay Example The Al-shaabab is a terrorist organization in Eastern Africa Region, Boko Haram in West Africa, Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Palestine, Student Islamic Movement of India in India, and United Self-Defense Forces of Columbia among others. Countries that have experienced its effect fast-hand like United States, 2001 and Kenya, 1998 have progressive efforts in combating it using a series of tactics. Most terrorist organizations have a common ideology; to destroy U.S.A’s allies, United Nations’ activities against terror groups, and structures of global order. Not even a powerful state like USA can fight terrorism alone because such groups have established networks and have easy access to money across international borders. The best tactic applied by USA in conjunction with United Nations is the use of the 4D strategy (Defeat, Deny, Diminish and Defend). Nations fighting terrorism aim at defeating terrorism through direct and indirect use of economic, diplomatic, information, intelligence, financial, and military among other tools. Research findings published in Terrorism Research Initiative (Rineheart, 2010) reveal that the 4D strategy, at times referred to as the Counterinsurgency Theory has helped counter terror activities by simultaneously applying the 4D strategy elements. The outcome has led to disorientation of terror organizations by limiting and eliminating their sources of finance, reducing their scope and capabilities from global threats to state criminal domains. Maxims of warfare (White, 2012) demand that every participant to know and mark terrorists and their sympathizers as enemies. Through combined efforts, it will be possible for their unlawful and inhuman activities to be restrained within controllable limits. Therefore, both local and international security agencies must work tirelessly to ensure terror activities, plans, and their locations are known before the worse happens. Rineheart Jason. (2010). Counterterrorism and

Aligning Operations and SCM with Other Functional Strategies

Aligning Operations and SCM with Other Functional Strategies 1. Discuss the importance of aligning operations and SCM with other functional strategies (e.g. Design, Marketing and Finance) in creating a viable business strategy. Skinner gives us a broad picture of how we look at the business as a whole moving away from sub optimization which he has criticised it and making choices that are sensible and how will compete on the market. Skinners work introduced the importance of the concept of trade-offs and the need to align the delivery systems to what market really require therefore the sub-functional trade-off choices are strategically aligned with key manufacturing tasks. Hill come with the concept of OWC and qualifying criteria and highlights the fact that focus should be on what important to the customer and a system require a common objective and everyone on the system is focus on common objective. Rumack Pharmaceuticals is an example of marketing strategy where they produce lots of variants of that ingredient, different pills, different potions, different bottle sizes, different packages because they little way of exploiting market opportunity. The cost of manufacturing is small compare to the value of the product because of the paten and the manufacturing was bottlenecked in this situation. In this case manufacturing means to be subordinate to the opportunity of the business and the nature of the product should be supporting the market opportunity. They end up with capacity problems and long setup times as they did not understood the implications of higher variety on that capacity. Higher variety means to go either for large batches but also inventory or smaller batches and where capacity is more absorbed thru setup. Tyndall B is another example where marketing influenced where company went. Manufacturing invested a lot of effort in chair and their process choice was to go for standard high volume but the demand was more than they would coop with. So marketing made them look at case goods but case goods would not give them so much return. They were not good in manufacturing producing case goods so the profits was declining. But why they did not invested more in tables and chairs rather than spending on galleries where marketing driven to produce a full range of products causing variety to go up and profits down. They was not paying attention of what manufacturing is capable of delivering. They werent aligned. Compare to Rumack there is no paten but there is capability which can be exploited. For both companies idea of alignment strategy was to be for volume and variety. Referring to Babcock Wilcox case study they mix up trade-offs choices because what is good for high volume is not good for low v olume and choices needs to be aligned. Regarding Finance operation strategy from Skinner point of view was all about avoiding local cost and local efficiency. Focus operations on delivery, speed, price and everyone work together to align themselves. Also he argue that quite often in factories every department try to optimise local cost and efficiency which encourage push and pull thinking. Local optimisation is not aligning with the system and we can see evidence of that at Rumack Pharmaceutical where basically in manufacturing you need to be align with the strategy thats being adopted which is all introducing new products resulting in new product capacity which should not happen as will require more capacity in the system. Going for higher variety will put more pressure on capacity because of the setups. Tyndall they had really good arrangements in terms of producing tables and chair colonial style lots of demand for them but they wont exploit it because they said that there is no capacity for that so they went for case goods. Problem was that case goods was providing throughput but no revenue. They were doing everything rather then bringing throughput per bottleneck/minute. There was no alignment to improve throughput per limiting factor or to understand what constraints are and if is a market or resource constraint. Coming to Design from an operation point of view we would like standardisation. From market point of view they want customization. So product have to be standardised as much as we can and have the ability to customise later in other words to postpone it and reduce variability and introduce the buffering options as late as possible. Postponement is used to achieve customisation and efficiency within one operating system. 2 Critically discuss how developing operational excellence can support and lead a business strategy. Porter argue that operational effectiveness is not a strategy and also Lean and TOC are not strategies because they can be copied. Lean, TQM, TOC are all about managing flow in organisation with the idea of cost, push and pull. The main question is how can we improve performance and rid away of trade-offs or how can we break them. Slack et al. (2004) argue that there are five operations performance objectives: cost, quality, speed, dependability and flexibility. The law of trade-offs states that no single plant can provide high performance in all dimensions simultaneously. We would expect to find support for this law if all competitors use similar technologies and are operating near the asset frontier. If all plants are far from the asset frontier, however, one plant can simultaneously provide higher levels of product quality, flexibility, and delivery at a lower manufactured cost if, through betterment, its management approaches create an operating frontier which is superior to its competitors. The theory of performance frontiers clarifies the impacts that assets and operating practices have on competitive advantage. However, the resource-based view took this thinking a step further through positing that competitive advantage can be sustained only if the capabilities creating the advantage are supported by re sources that are not easily duplicated by competitors. Both the asset and the operating frontier can be the source of competitive advantage but they are based on resources of different nature. Armed with an understanding of a firms operating position relative to both competitors and the performance frontiers, strategic planners are better equipped to evaluate and plan manufacturing initiatives. For example, a quality improvement initiative may well be more attractive than a new technology initiative to a firm that considers itself far from its asset frontier. Can operation not just follow business strategy and lead business strategy? Hayes and Wheelwright stage 4 evidence that.In 80s quality and lean was a paradigm shift. Operation capability can actually win the orders. Porter(96) argue that Japanese dont have a strategy as they have operational effectiveness which wins on short term but actually Toyota production system is still difficult to copy on long term. Thus, the process of strategy development should be based on a sound understanding of current operational capabilities and an analysis of how these could be developed in the future. This can then provide the basis for decisions about which markets are likely to be the best in which to deploy current and future capabilities, which competitors are likely to be most vulnerable and how attacks from competitors might best be countered (Hayes et al., 2005). organization fits with the resource-based view (RBV) .toc lean etc 3 Practically evaluate the means of enabling pull (e.g. production, project and distribution) referring to the design of a specific planning and control system. Lead time requirements of the customers tend to drive the OPP towards the customer whereas product variability and demand uncertainty drive it away from customer. The more product variables, less likely it is economically sustainable to keep every variable in stock. Therefore, often large and steady volume products are kept in stock whereas products with a lot of variance are either assembled- or made-to order. Thus, companies have often multiple OPPs depending on the product characteristics. MTS method of production reduces before demand is realise or before orders come in.This are some goods or builds based on capacity or forecast which more often are greater than current demand. This is the reason that stocks are made only to be stored or sold at some future date. MTO builds according to actual demand. This system wont produce stock as all outputs are consumed or sold immediately. MTO is a pull system since every station doesnt start processing unless pull by demand or next process. Therefore we can talk about a pull line or JIT line. This is a type of MTO system in which all working stations are strictly produce according to the takt time. JIT is also known as a lean system or Kanban system. Kanban system control the flow thru a form of electronic or physical signal which tell to start producing or deliver the next part. In the case of MTO the overall approach is termed Drum Buffer Rope (DBR). Pull means small batches and we try get as required by the system. JLR is a pull system because everyone is working at the pace of the system. They relishing car or raw material into the system at the plant rate and everyone is working at the management prescribed rate called takt time. Ohno didnt had physical restriction of space but he had this rule to do something only if you have a Kanban instruction, the signal. Fords moving assembly line physical space was the control, the signal. Kanban was the idea of inventory in the system and TOC BM was another signal: what do I do next? When do I expedite? When do I interfere with the process? Ford had pretty much a lean system that why Ohno quoted from fords book. There is a more complex environment but the principles are the same. planning of stock or raw materials or finished stock in excess is a waste(ford 1926,p99).Ford understood the importance of the flow. He forced everyone to work on the same pace and had the idea of flow line. Ford was applying principles of flow to an environment where it was not so much variety. Ohno had variety and apply principles of flow thru JIT and C.I. linked to law of variability and variability buffering and theory Theory of Swift and Even Flow. He put a lot of effort in minimizing the fluctuations, stabilizing the demand and reduce variability. Ford didnt had Jidoka but he had teams which responded fast. C. I. challenged the traditional trade-offs model. Batch size reduction was the key for lean (Schronburger 1982).Right from the beginning was all about how to reduce batch quantities and setup time which is interpreted like a source of variability in the process. Batches will be reduced till will create a bottleneck again. Reducing setup times will reduce variability. Kanban represents inventory but also time and they are interrelated. In JLR they have a fast response and they doing first order which is coming compare to buffer management. In the case of MTO the overall approach is termed Drum Buffer Rope (DBR) introduced by Goldratt(1990) to reduce variation and improve activity. In the next case study SDBR was used with time being the rope and drum the market demand. The drum previously was the roasting and char grill departments which were considered constraints. In the case of Freshcut Foods when it was to manage the flow they was releasing work in the system to early and cause quality issues and wastages. They had late demands but they were uncertain if they have the capacity to produce. So they needed a system to tell them if they have capacity to take the orders. Finally a system which can tell them how to prioritise what they should produce next and when to release the working to the system was put in practice. If is in the red zone they need to expedite if the red zone is growing means that they have a problem and they need to escalate it.. So Kanban is like an automatic system where everyone knows how to use it. 4 Critically evaluate the circumstances best suited to Kanban and Buffer Management pull systems. Benton (2014, 2) describe that the main objective of manufacturing planning and control function: is to ensure that the desired products are manufactured at the right time, in the right quantities, and meeting quality specifications in the most cost-effective manner. To illustrate the significance of BM in TOC, the functions of BM in TOC is compared with Kanban in TPS. Firstly, both BM and Kanban prioritise work orders albeit with different assumptions and mechanisms. For Kanban, there is a pre-planned quantity or WIP in buffers designed in between every work center. In addition, there is also a specific routing sequences or dedicated production line required for each product, which results in rigidity in responding to market requirements. In BM however, the priority of work is triggered by the percentage buffer penetration of completion time. As it is time-based, it allows each work center to have flexibility to react (or catch-up with time) to disruptions when Murphy strikes. Other than the function of prioritisation, both BM and Kanban have their own mechanism to monitor and control their production throughput. In Kanban, the deployment of distributed buffers in between work centers enables problems to be immediately surfaced and dealt without passing the problem to the subsequent work centers (Ohno, 1989:30). In TOC, aggregated buffer is deployed and thus has a certain delay as problems are only escalated and expedited for attention after entering into the Red zone of BM. However, as highlighted by Stratton and Knight (2010), though Kanban is more sensitive, the problems highlighted are mainly related to quality and process, whereas in BM, it also includes issues such as product volume and mix changes. In spite of these differences, both BM and Kanban advocates continuous improvement. This is seen in the final steps of both TPS: Pursue Perfection (Womack and Jones, 1996:90) and TOC: not to allow inertia to cause a systems constraint (Goldratt and Cox, 2004:307). In Kanban, continuous improvement is encouraged through reducing inventory to expose problems which then can be targeted; whereas in BM, causes of delay (Red zone penetration) are being targeted. 5. Critically evaluate the use of MTA and dynamic buffer management as a means of practically enabling a pull distribution system. VMI say communicate demand and stock levels thru the system and replenish them on the regular basis. Replenish on the stock target MTA is similar with VMI but give a priority code in terms of buffer penetration. DBM is less common as the buffer status signals whether the target level is too large or too small and this can be used to signal automatic adjustments. By monitoring how we are performing in terms of green,yellow and red we can determine whether we need to increase or decrease the stock target For example if we are in the green zone reduce stock target and if is in the red zone increase the stock target. It is the means of getting the system to work at the pace of the consumption where drum is the consumer so is signalling down to distribution system what we need to replenish and how fast which resulting in an idea of pull. In the case of Frozen Meals they replenish based on consumption on the 3rd party distributer so is very straight forward till the stock time. MTA will say if there are multiple orders in the system will give an indication what the priority is. If the consumption was high and replenishing the full quantity in the distribution depot will be less stock. This stock will have to be replenish very quickly so VMI will communicate consumption across the whole supply normally replenishing it within a day or couple of days. So all the demand in the distribution depot will go in the red zone. So VMI says communicate demand and stock level always thru the system and replenishing to the stock target. The problem come when Frozen Meals tried to replenish and couldnt because the warehouse was full. Analysing demands and orders there is obviously that demands are pretty stable and orders are more volatile in demand represented by the consumption of consumer in Weatherspoon. This difference was caused by 3rd party distributer which has his own warehouse and has more stock that he needed and fluctuating and planning orders ad hoc. Because placing order in ad hoc manors caused Frozen Meals to ask for 7 days delay of supply. The ordering system from 3rd party distributer was ad hoc. There was a stock target so why not just replenish this stock automatically communicate down the supply chain whats required. The solution was to go for VMI rather than 3rd party distributer placing orders on Frozen Meals. A pull system was created when the supplier is responsible for maintaining agreed target stock levels. 6 Discuss the strategic importance of postponement through configuration, packaging and distribution, making reference to the concept of an Order Penetration Point (OPP). In the first part I was discussing about focus factory and separating different orders. This can be also separate by postponing which means that will be 2 strategies. one at the first part of the supply chain which is looking to stabilise and standardise and a different strategy at the later stages with a decupling point. How can we design the supply chain to postpone the impact of variation and uncertainty? This can be done in the manufacturing process but distribution side as well. Skinner strategy is about how we take the system perspective and how we meet the needs of the market reducing variability in the process. With TQM the reason why ends up with variability in the process is that no-one consider how to reduce variation. This is what SPC done: to focus on variation which will bring the cost down. Unless will do that then the variability tend to be there which make the trade-off choices about quality and cost. So all of them are about reducing variability. Agility is about dealing with demand uncertainty and demand variability. Stability is associated with lean and uncertainty demand with agility. This table is similar with line vs jobbing looking for two extremes such as delivery speed and low cost. Skinner will argue that this should be two different factories because the owc are different Fisher model talking in the idea of Skinner operation trade-offs in terms of a supply chain. If we have variability in demand we need to buffer like any variation. The ideal efficient model will have flow, minimum variation in demand and process, minimum buffering. In contrast the responsive model demand varies and also product changes in the same time and we got demand uncertainty and we ll buffer with inventory capacity. Talking about lean and agile supply viewed in terms of dependency, fluctuation, buffer capacity and buffer inventory we can refer to law of variability, law of variability buffering, law of variability pooling. Talking about service it represents the customer input which can be put on MTS which can be a date, a forecast. MTA say that the priority of the order all depends on what stock level is, if the stock level goes down rapidly the priority goes up, if the stock level is not priority (demand is low) the priority goes down. In Lego case they was doing bad because they grow over the years resulting in too much variety as increasing number of elements, to many colours and they diversified to do other things(low of focus) As a start-up they cut the number of colours and elements (no elements to be unique to one product stated by the law of variability pooling).In manufacturing they segmented some of the machines as all machines should be able to do everything. They organised and streamlined how they going to manufacture elements. They rationalized the suppliers which is a lean thing. The distribution changed to a pull system and the they supply to one distribution centre in Europe in 3-4 days which is consider closer to the customer. In terms of packaging machines and capacity. By reducing the range of colours and elements setup process variability all this helped to reduce variation and uncertainty. Buffering packaging they postponed rather than holding stock in packets they opted for a centralized distribution centre and more frequent distributions. All this system was about flow. Production is lean if is accomplished with minimal waste due to unneeded operations, inefficient operations, or excessive buffering in operations. Production is agile if it efficiently changes operating states in response to uncertain and changing demands placed upon it ( Narasimban et al..,2006) References Benton, W. C. Jr. 2014. Supply Chain Focused Manufacturing Planning and Control. Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning